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Né à Paris le 17 décembre 1903, Roland de Vaux fait ses études secondaires au Collège Stanislas, puis des études universitaires de Lettres à la Sorbonne. Il entre, après sa licence, au séminaire de Saint-Sulpice, où il est ordonné prêtre le 29 juin 1929. Mais, ayant résolu d’entrer dans l’ordre des prêcheurs, il entre au noviciat d’Amiens dès septembre 1929, y fait profession le 23 septembre 1930 et par aussitôt faire ses études au Saulchoir de Cain, en Belgique, où il demeure jusqu’en 1933. Il s’oriente alors particulièrement vers la philosophie médiévale, ce qui explique les recherches menant à sa première publication, dédiée à Avicenne. Mais il se tourne aussi vers l’orientalisme, avant d’être sollicité, en 1933, par l’École biblique pour venir compléter l’équipe de professeurs alors fameuse mais vieillissantes. Il arrive ainsi à Jérusalem en septembre 1933.

Le P. de Vaux y fait d’abord deux ans d’études, sous la direction des PP. Lagrange, Vincent, Abel ou Savignac. Il réussit les examens de la Commission biblique en juin 1935. Rentré à Jérusalem, il est nommé professeur d’histoire et d’archéologie bibliques, deux sujets qui seront aussi ses domaines de recherche principaux jusqu’à la fin de sa vie. Il enseigne ces deux disciplines de 1935 à 1971 sans interruption. Il enseigne aussi l’assyro-babylonien de 1935 à 1940 et l’exégèse de l’Ancien testament de 1946 à 1949, alors qu’il prépare ses traductions pour la première Bible de Jérusalem. Ses anciens étudiants s’accordent à louer son sens de la pédagogie et ses présentations brillantes, avec l’honnêteté absolue dont il faisait preuve comme chercheur.
De ces enseignements sont sortis plusieurs ouvrages marquants, à commencer par les fascicules de la Bible de Jérusalem sur la Genèse, les Livres de Samuel et des Rois. Il joua aussi un rôle prépondérant dans l’édition en un seul volume de la Bible de Jérusalem, en 1956. Les deux volumes de ses Institutions de l’Ancien Testament furent traduits en de nombreuses langues.

Il commença son oeuvre d’archéologue par des campagnes modestes qui suivirent sa première exploration archéologique dans la région de Salt (Transjordanie) à l’été 1937. La même année, il fouille avec le P. Savignac l’église de Ma’în, près de Madaba (Jordanie). En 1944, il réalise avec le P. Stève la fouille d’un ancien caravansérail près du Qiriat Yearim biblique (Abu Gosh). Toujours avec le P. Stève, il travaille ensuite (1945-1946) sur le site d’el-Ma’moudiyeh, sanctuaire byzantin dédié à S. Jean-Baptiste, à l’ouest d’Hébron. En 1946, il s’attaque à un site plus important : le Tell el-Far’ah du Nord, identifié par la suite comme l’antique Tirça, première capitale du royaume du Nord, d’où le roi Omri émigra pour Samarie. Neuf campagnes ont été consacrées à ce site, jusqu’en 1960.

Au beau milieu de ces campagnes de Tell el-Far’ah surgit « l’affaire Qumran », du nom des manuscrits découverts dans des grottes au bord de la Mer Morte en 1947. De 1949 à 1958, le P. de Vaux fut le responsable, pour l’École biblique, des fouilles des différentes grottes, puis de celles du site de Qumran en lui-même. En 1952, de Vaux organisa une campagne de fouilles au wadi Murab’baat, puis une fouille du site de Qumran tous les hivers jusqu’en 1956. Le P. de Vaux fut également responsable de l’équipe internationale chargée d’étudier et de publier les manuscrits, entreposés dans la scrollery du Musée Rockefeller jusqu’en 1967. Les conclusions de ses recherches ont été présentées dans des rapports parus dans la Revue biblique, puis dans les « Schweich Lectures » de 1959, conférences parues en 1961 sous le titre l’Archéologie et les manuscrits de la Mer Morte. De cet ouvrage, Kathleen Kenyon a pu dire : « This publication of his lectures is an monument to his skill as an excavator, as a historian and as an authority on the scrolls themselves ».

Peu après, le P. de Vaux fut associé par Miss Kathleen Kenyon aux fouilles de Jérusalem : il fut chargé de la partie sud de l’esplanade des Mosquées, dans le quartier d’el-Khâtoûnîyeh, qu’il fouilla de 1961 à 1963. La fouille fut ensuite reprise par le professeur Mazar.

A l’École biblique, il eut aussi de pesantes charges à honorer, puisqu’il fut directeur de la Rebue Biblique de 1938 à 1953, directeur de l’École de 1945 à 1965, ainsi que prieur du couvent de 1949 à 1952. Nommé consulteur de la Commission biblique pontificale en 1956, puis Maître en Théologie en 1958, il fut appelé à Harvard comme visiting Professor pour l’année 1964-1965. Les honneurs suivirent aussi puisqu’il fut nommé membre correspondant de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres en 1952, avant d’en devenir membre libre non-résident en 1962. En 1961, il devenait membre correspondant de la British Academy, tout en étant élu par la suite membre honoraire de diverses sociétés scientifiques à travers le monde. Plusieurs universités ou collèges lui ont aussi octroyé le titre de Docteur honoris causa.

Frappé par l’artérite au début de l’année 1971, il perdit peu à peu la santé et mourut à l’hôpital Saint-Joseph de Jérusalem le 10 septembre 1971. Les funérailles eurent lieu à Saint-Etienne le 13. Son dernier ouvrage, Histoire ancienne d’Israël, était inachevé et a été terminé et publié par la suite par le P. Langlamet.

Publications (bibliographie sélective)

• Notes et textes sur l’avicennisme latin aux confins des XIIe-XIIIe siècles, Paris : Vrin, 1934
• Pour la Bible de Jérusalem : la Genèse, 1949 ; les Livres des Rois, 1951 ; les Livres de Samuel, 1953
• Les Institutions de l’Ancien Testaments, 2 vol., Paris : Gabalda, 1958 et 1960
• Les Sacrifices de l’Ancien Testament, coll. Cahiers de la Revue biblique, 1964
• Bible et Orient, Paris : éditions du Cerf, 1967

The Central Zionist Archives preserves more than 1,500 personal papers of the leaders and activists of the Zionist Movement and the Yishuv. Some of these archives are very small (one or two files), but most of them are very large (tens of boxes). The list of personal papers includes well-known figures in Zionist history, such as: Theodor Herzl, Nahum Sokolow, David Wolffsohn, Max Bodenheimer, Henrietta Szold, Eliezer Ben Yehuda, Haim Arlossoroff and other functionaries and professionals, but also the papers of less well-known people who dealt with important aspects of Zionism and the development of the yishuv. The personal and public correspondence, diaries, family letters and photographs, are preserved in their archives and contribute to an understanding of their character and their work.

The collection of personal archives has been constantly growing. As the fields of study have changed over the years, so has the range of personal papers that the CZA is interested in collecting and preserving. Recently, the archives of men and women, who are perhaps less well known, but were active and influential in their specific areas of expertise, have been accepted for preservation by the CZA. For example, we are happy to have the papers Rudolfina Menzel, who developed the field of dog training in Palestine, and Sarah Bavli, who dealt with matters of nutrition, as well as the papers of people active in Zionist and Jewish affairs overseas, such as Yitzchak Harkavi, an active Zionist in South America, and Jean Halperin, a prominent activist amongst the Jews of France.

The Central Zionist Archives – the official archives of the institutions of the Zionist Movement (the World Zionist Organization, the Jewish Agency, the Jewish National Fund, and the United Israel Appeal) and the numerous institutions that were established by, or alongside, these bodies – permanently preserves the files that were created during the activity of these institutions.

In addition, the Zionist Archives holds the files of the institutions of the Jewish population in Palestine before the establishment of the State (the Archives of the National Council, the Archives of the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association (PICA), the Archives of the Hadassah Medical Organization, etc.), of the offices of the World Jewish Congress in various countries, the remainder of the Archives of the Hovevei Zion and of some of the Zionist Federations around the world.

To be completed

To be completed.
Historian, publisher, church figure.

Born on July 8, 1939 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Gilles Caron grew up in Maisons-Laffitte. After spending his childhood in Maisons-Laffitte, Gilles is sent in 1946 to a boarding school in Argentière (Haute-Savoie), following the separation of his parents, he will stay there seven years.

After completing his studies at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in Paris, Gilles took a one-year course in journalism at the École des hautes études internationales in Paris in 1958. During the summer, he hitchhiked to Yugoslavia, Turkey and India.

After passing his civilian parachute exam in 1959, he was called up for his 28-month military service, 22 of which were in Algeria. Gilles is imprisoned for two months following his refusal to fight after the putsch. Gilles finishes his service with a ban on carrying weapons. When he returned to France in 1962, he married Marianne. They have two daughters together: Marjolaine born on March 9, 1963 and Clementine born on December 8, 1967.

Following an internship in 1964 with Patrice Molinard, an advertising and fashion photographer, Gilles joined the Apis agency (Agence Parisienne d'Information Sociale). There he meets Raymond Depardon, a photographer from the Dalmas agency, and participates in August in the shooting of La guerre est finie by Alain Resnais.

On February 19, 1966, Gilles Caron made the front page of France-Soir with Marcel Leroy-Finville (imprisoned for the kidnapping and assassination of Mehdi Ben Barka) during his walk in the Santé prison. In May he works in Paris for the fashion agency Photographic Service directed by Giancarlo Botti. In December he joins the founding team of Gamma composed of Raymond Depardon, Hubert Henrotte, Jean Monteux and Hugues Vassal.

Between June 5 and 10, 1967 he covered the Six Day War and entered Jerusalem with the Israeli army and then reached the Suez Canal with the commanding forces led by General Ariel Sharon. The publication of his images in Paris Match made the Gamma agency the leading agency in the world. In November and December he is in Vietnam notably at Đắk Tô, during one of the hardest battles of the conflict (Hill 875).

In April 1968 he covered the civil war in Biafra. In May the student revolts in Paris begin and spread throughout France, provoking a general strike. Gilles Caron covers the student demonstrations in Paris on a daily basis; he follows President Charles de Gaulle on an official visit to Romania between May 14 and 18. In July he makes a second trip to Biafra with Raymond Depardon. In September he travels to Mexico City following the violent repression of student demonstrations on the eve of the Olympic Games. In November he made his third report in Biafra.

In August 1969 Gilles Caron covers the Catholic demonstrations in Londonderry and Belfast in Northern Ireland, "The Troubles". A few days later, he follows the anniversary of the crushing of the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia by Soviet tanks. In its August 30 issue, Paris Match published the two reports simultaneously.

In January and February 1970 he was part of an expedition to the Chadian Tibesti region organized by Robert Pledge, with Raymond Depardon and Michel Honorin, to cover the rebellion of the Toubous against the central government in Fort Lamy (N'djamena) supported by the French government. The four journalists were ambushed and held prisoner for a month by government forces.
That same year, in April, he went to Cambodia the day after Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed by General Lon Nol.
On April 5, 1970, he was the first of twenty or so journalists and development workers of all nationalities to disappear with Swiss reporter Guy Hannoteaux and French development worker Michel Visot, on Route No. 1 linking Cambodia to Vietnam in an area controlled by Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge.

After having studied the production of large aircrafts since the 1880's and having manufactured some prototypes, Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin created Luftschiffbau Zeppelin GmbH on September 8th, 1908, thanks to capital provided by people who were passionate about his research. The aircrafts made by the firm could be for military or civilian use.

From the end of World War I to 1926, the production of military and large airwrafts was prohibited in Germany. This situation led the firm to a first diversification of its activity. It resumed its original productions in the late 1920's. In the 1930's, its aircrafts travelled to different and distant countries.

At the end of World War II, the firm ceased to exist, replaced the creation of Metallwerk Friedrichshafen GmbH in 1950 with widely diversified activities. Between 1993 and 1994, the original Zeppelin company was reinstated.

During the Roman period, the present site of Algiers was occupied by the city of Icosium (seat of a bishopric) which depended on the province of Mauritania Caesarea whose capital was Cherchell. During the Ottoman period, the Lazarist Fathers successively occupied the office of vicar apostolic from 1650 to 1827, ensuring the service of the Christians, the prisons, the merchants and the consuls.

The Church regained a diocesan structure in 1838 with the creation of the bishopric of Algiers which covered all of Algeria until 1866, when it became an archdiocese with the creation of the two other dioceses of the North. After Monseigneur Dupuch (1846-1866) who was the interlocutor of the Emir Abdelkader, and Monseigneur Pavy (1846-1866) the builder of the Notre Dame d'Afrique basilica, Cardinal Lavigerie directed the diocese of Algiers from 1866 to 1892. Upon his arrival (1868) he founded the White Fathers and the White Sisters (1869).

The Diocese of Algiers currently includes fifty priests and religious, seventy-five nuns and a few thousand Christians with Mgr. Paul Desfarges, of French-Algerian nationality as Archbishop since 24 December 2016.

The diocese of Algiers includes the regions of Algiers, Medea and the eastern part of the Cheliff Valley, as well as the Greater Kabylie.

Claude Reignier Conder was born on December 29, 1848 in Cheltenham, England. He studied at University College London and at the Royal Military Academy of Woolwich.

He was appointed lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers in 1870. He carried out geographical studies in Palestine from 1872 to 1874, in the company of Lieutenant Horatio Herbert Kitchener. He continued his fieldwork until 1882 with the financial support of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
He was promoted to captain in 1882. He participated in the Anglo-Egyptian war the same year with the aim of putting an end to the rebellion led by Ahmed Urabi. In Egypt, he was assigned to the army's intelligence services. His great knowledge of the Arab peoples and the East was widely used by the British army. He took part in the battle of Tel el-Kebir and the advance towards Cairo.
He retired in 1904 with the rank of colonel.

Conder died in Cheltenham, England on February 16, 1910.

Frederick John Salmon was a British surveyor, foreign service officer, and soldier.
He served in the Ceylon Survey from 1908 to 1930, with the exception of his service on the Western Front during World War I. During the war, he made a name for himself by promoting cooperation between surveying and artillery. He also decided to print and distribute updated maps and to use aerial photography to update tactical maps.
He became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in December 1918. Between 1930 and 1933, Salmon headed the land and survey departments in Cyprus. He was appointed director of the Survey of Palestine at the end of 1932. He began work at the Survey of Palestine on March 27, 1933, and then launched an initiative to begin modern topographic mapping of Palestine. He was appointed Commissioner of Lands and Surveys of Palestine and a member of the Advisory Council of the Government of Palestine in 1935.
His cartographic work is in the collection of the Royal Geographical Society.