The Procurator (Russian: прокурор, prokuror) was an office initially established in 1722 by Peter the Great, the first Emperor of the Russian Empire, as part of reforms to bring the Russian Orthodox Church more directly under his control.
The Russian word also has the meaning of prosecutor.
The Chief Procurator (also Ober-Procurator; обер-прокурор, ober-prokuror) was the official title of the head of the Most Holy Synod, effectively the lay head of the Russian Orthodox Church, and a member of the Tsar's cabinet. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a former tutor both of Alexander III and of Nicholas II, was one of the most powerful men to hold the post, from 1880 to 1905.
The General Procurator (Procurator General) and the Chief Procurator were major supervisory positions in the Russian Governing Senate, which functioned from 1711 to 1917, with their meaning changing over time. Eventually Chief Procurator became the title of the head of a department of the Senate.
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The Apostolic Delegation in Palestine, Transjordan and Cyprus was created on 11 March 1929, when it was separated from Syria and put under the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Delegation in Egypt.
On 15 June 1934 Mgr Gustavo Testa (1886-1969) was appointed Apostolic Delegate in Egypt, Arabia, Eritrea, Abyssinia, Palestine, Transjordan and Cyprus and Titular Bishop of Amasea. He returned to Rome in 1941 and Mgr Arthur Hughes was appointed chargé d'affaires of the Apostolic Delegation of Palestine, Transjordan and Cyprus and then Regent until 1948. Mgr Testa served again as Apostolic Delegate since 1947. On 11 February 1948 the Apostolic Delegation of Palestine, Transjordan and Cyprus was set up autonomously with its see in Jerusalem. Mgr Testa was appointed first Delegate and serve until 1953.
The Apostolic Delegation in Palestine, Transjordan and Cyprus was created on 11 March 1929, when it was separated from Syria and put under the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Delegation in Egypt.
On 15 June 1934 Mgr Gustavo Testa (1886-1969) was appointed Apostolic Delegate in Egypt, Arabia, Eritrea, Abyssinia, Palestine, Transjordan and Cyprus and Titular Bishop of Amasea. He returned to Rome in 1941 and Mgr Arthur Hughes was appointed chargé d'affaires of the Apostolic Delegation of Palestine, Transjordan and Cyprus and then Regent until 1948. Mgr Testa served again as Apostolic Delegate since 1947. On 11 February 1948 the Apostolic Delegation of Palestine, Transjordan and Cyprus was set up autonomously with its see in Jerusalem. Mgr Testa was appointed first Delegate and serve until 1953.
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The Prussian Consulate in Jerusalem was established in 1842. From 1868 it operated as the Consulate of the Norddeutsche Bund and during the years 1871‐1913 as the Consulate ‐ and since 1913 as the Consulate General ‐ of the German Reich. In 1844 a German Consular Agency was established in Jaffa, which acted as a branch of the Consulate in Jerusalem. In 1870 the office in Jaffa was recognized as a Vice‐Consulate. A professional consul was appointed in Jaffa in 1895 and the status of the office was altered accordingly to include jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. In Haifa a Consular Agency began functioning in 1877 which became a Vice‐Consulate in 1908. With the conquest of Palestine by the Allied armies in 1917 the consulates were closed and German interests were handled by the Spanish Consulate. In 1924 a German Consular Representative was attached to the Spanish Consulate and in 1925 a German Consul for Palestine was re‐appointed. The Consulate was closed in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II.
During its first 25 years, the Jerusalem consulate was subordinate to the administrative authority of the consulate-general in Beyrouth; it was placed under the direct supervision of the foreign ministry in Berlin in 1868 and officially elevated to the rank of “consulate-general” in 1913.
During its 97 years of activity, the territorial limits of the consulate in Jerusalem underwent several changes. During the Ottoman period, the jurisdiction of the consulate was coextensive with the administrative domain of the sanjak (district) of Jerusalem, which included Jaffa and the Gaza area. In 1871, the sanjaks of Acre and Nablus were added, but a decade later the sanjak of Acre, including Haifa, was transferred to the authority of the German consul in Beyrouth. In 1883, the new sanjak of Ma’an (southern Transjordan) was brought under the jurisdiction of the consul in Jerusalem.
Archives held at ISA (Jerusalem) with a duplicate in Berlin.
L’un des maîtres de la génération fondatrice de l’École fut Félix- Marie Abel, o.p., né à Saint-Uze, dans la Drôme, en 1878. Il arriva comme novice en décembre 1897, et dès que M.-J. Lagrange eut repéré ses aptitudes exceptionnelles, il fut décidé qu’il resterait à Jérusalem. Il fut rapidement connu pour sa maîtrise des sources grecques (textes et inscriptions), pour l’histoire et la géographie de Palestine. Il rédigea la partie historique des études archéologiques de Louis-Hugues Vincent sur Jérusalem, Bethléem et Hébron. Il composa un gros commentaire de 1- 2 Maccabées (1949), livres qu’il traduisit aussi pour l’édition en fascicule de la Bible de Jérusalem. Pour la seconde édition de la Bible de Jérusalem, son travail a été repris dans une large mesure par Jean Starcky. Abel avait aussi été chargé de la traduction du Livre de Josué, qu’il était en train de commenter également au moment de sa mort.
Abel a assuré les cours de géographie de la Palestine à l’École biblique pendant près de 50 ans. En 1932, il effectua avec Vincent des fouilles sur le site de l’Emmaüs byzantine. En 1940, il fut nommé consulteur de la Commission biblique pontificale.
Ses trois ouvrages les plus durables restent : Grammaire du Grec biblique suivie d’un choix de papyrus, coll. Études bibliques (1927), Géographie de la Palestine (I. 1933; II. 1938), et Histoire de la Palestine depuis la conquête d’Alexandre jusqu’à l’invasion arabe (1952). On sait moins que ce savant était un aquarelliste accompli, qui écrivit un guide illustré de Terre Sainte.
Il meurt à l’École biblique à la veille de l’Annonciation 1953.
Publications (bibliographie sélective)
- Grammaire du Grec biblique suivie d’un choix de papyrus, coll. Études bibliques, Paris : Gabalda, 1927
- Une croisière autour de la Mer Morte, Paris, 1911
- Les livres des Maccabées (pour la Bible de Jérusalem), Paris : Cerf, 1951
- Le livre de Josué (pour la Bible de Jérusalem), Paris : Cerf, 1950
- Avec L.-H. Vincent, Bethléem : le sanctuaire de la Nativité, Paris : Gabalda, 1914
- Avec L.-H. Vincent, Jérusalem : recherches de topographie, d’archéologie et d’histoire, (2 tomes), Paris : Gabalda : 1912 et 1954-1956
- Géographie de la Palestine (2 tomes), Paris : Lecoffre, 1933 et 1938
- L’Histoire de la Palestine depuis la conquête d’Alexandre jusqu’à l’invasion arabe, tome I et II. , 1952
- Avec L.-H. Vincent, Emmaüs, sa basilique et son histoire, 1932.