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Horatio Herbert Kitchener, known as Lord Kitchener, born in Ballylongford (County Kerry, Ireland) on June 24, 1850.

Son of an officer, the family moved to Switzerland after the death of his mother in 1864. He then studied at a French college in Geneva. Then he entered the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich in 1868. He enlisted in 1870 as a volunteer in the army of Napoleon III during the Franco-Prussian War.
He became an officer of the Royal Engineers on January 4, 1871, and spent several periods in Palestine, Cyprus and Egypt, where he learned Arabic. In 1874, he was asked to map Palestine with the help of officer Conder. He returned to England in 1875, and his cartographic surveys were published.

He was appointed Sirdar, i.e. Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian army in 1892 and was appointed Governor of Sudan in 1896. On his return from the Second Boer War in 1902 he was made viscount by Queen Victoria. He commanded the Indian Army, which he reorganized (1902-1909); created the Australian Army; and ended up as Consul-General of Egypt (1911-1914). He was appointed Minister of War in 1914.

He died during a mission that was to take him to Russia on June 5, 1916.

The British Mandate established the country's first survey department in 1920, known as the Survey Department of Palestine. Survey of Israel is the survey and mapping department of the Israeli Ministry of Housing and Construction. It is the successor of the Survey Department of Palestine.

Survey of Israel is the goverment agency for Mapping, Geodesy, Cadastre and Geoinformatics. The Survey is responsible for the national infrastructure in these areas as well as for a number of official functions.

The Survey of Israel pays particular attention to construction infrastructure, security and emergency services, environmental protection, tourism and research and development.
In the area of cadastre, the Survey leads the activities leading to land registration (Land Surveys Department). It is responsible for defining the boundaries of blocks and parcels in terms of coordinates and plans. The Survey deals annually with the continuation of settlement as well as with new subdivisions (re-parcellation) that express a change in the rights to the land or its use, or both.

Frederick John Salmon was a British surveyor, foreign service officer, and soldier.
He served in the Ceylon Survey from 1908 to 1930, with the exception of his service on the Western Front during World War I. During the war, he made a name for himself by promoting cooperation between surveying and artillery. He also decided to print and distribute updated maps and to use aerial photography to update tactical maps.
He became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in December 1918. Between 1930 and 1933, Salmon headed the land and survey departments in Cyprus. He was appointed director of the Survey of Palestine at the end of 1932. He began work at the Survey of Palestine on March 27, 1933, and then launched an initiative to begin modern topographic mapping of Palestine. He was appointed Commissioner of Lands and Surveys of Palestine and a member of the Advisory Council of the Government of Palestine in 1935.
His cartographic work is in the collection of the Royal Geographical Society.

The Histadrut, Israel's General Federation of Labour, was founded in 1920. It is the largest and oldest labor organization in Israel.

In its formative years, the Histadrut was the driving force of the establishment of the State of Israel. The Histadrut founded and established economic, financial, cultural, sports, and industrial institutions that would enable the new state to emerge. Bank Hapoalim literally means the workers bank, the office of public works and building, the Solel Boneh construction company, the Kupat Holim Clalit, the largest health care provider in Israel, and many other institutions all arose from the early years of the Histadrut.
The Histadrut promotes its activities throughout the country through 28 sectorial trade unions and professional unions, and 29 Histadrut district offices.

Today, the Histadrut handles the professional and economic affairs of approximately 800,000 workers in Israel: employee unionization, representation of workers, negotiating and signing collective agreements to improve conditions and ensuring employment security and safety in the workplace, promoting pension rights and concern for the future of workers, women rights, pensioners and more.

Histadrut President Arnon Bar-David took office following a March 2019 board election.

Ruhi al-Khalidi est un écrivain, un enseignant, un militant et un homme politique de l'Empire ottoman au tournant du XXe siècle.

Il entre à l'école sultanique d'Istanbul en 1893, enseigne par la suite à Jérusalem et occupe de nombreux postes administratifs sous le règne ottoman. Il étudie notamment la philosophie des sciences islamiques et la littérature orientale à l'université de la Sorbonne à Paris et est nommé professeur à la Société des publications en langues étrangères et Consul général de l’Empire ottoman à Bordeaux (en France) de 1898 à 1908.

En 1908, Ruhi al-Khalidi est l'un des trois délégués élus pour représenter Jérusalem au sein du nouveau parlement ottoman. Il devient vice-président du Parlement en 1911 et représentant de l'Assemblée nationale de Jérusalem. Il soulève la question du sionisme à plusieurs reprises lors de sessions parlementaires, mettant en garde contre les conséquences potentiellement négatives de l'immigration juive et la poursuite de la vente des terres représentant sa patrie.
Il est notamment l'un des pionniers dans la rédaction de manuscrits sur le sionisme ("Le sionisme ou la question sioniste").

Il publie aussi d’autres écrits sur des thèmes variés qui témoignent de ses sujets d'études : An Introduction to the Eastern Question (1897), Victor Hugo and A Comparative Study of Arabic and French Literature (première publication en arabe en 1904 ; réédition en 1912), Chemistry Among the Arabs (arabe, 1953).