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Alexander Mordechai Dushkin was born in Suwalki, Poland in 1890, and was taken to the United States in 1901. He studied at City College, the Jewish Theological Seminary and Columbia University in New York, where he wrote the first doctoral dissertation on a Jewish educational theme (“Jewish Education in New York City”). Dushkin married Julia Aronson in Jerusalem in 1921 and had two daughters, Kinnereth Genslar and Avima Lombard. He died in Jerusalem in 1976.
1910-1918 was associated with the Bureau of Jewish Education under Dr. Samson Benderly at the Kehillah in New York City, and in 1916 went to Europe as a secretary of the American Jewish Relief Committee. 1919-1921 served as inspector of Jewish schools in Palestine and taught at the Hebrew Teachers’ College in Jerusalem.
1921-1922 was appointed secretary of Keren Hayesod in the USA.
1923-1934 directed Chicago’s Board of Jewish Education and founded the city’s College of Jewish Studies.
1934-1939 organized the Hebrew University’s department of education and was principal of the experimental Hebrew University Secondary School.
1939-1949 served as executive director of the Jewish Education Committee in New York.
1949-1960 established and directed the Hebrew University’s School of Undergraduate Studies, taught education and education administration at the University and served as Education Consultant to Hadassah Women’s Organization in Israel.
From 1962 he headed the Department of Jewish Education in the Diaspora at the Hebrew University’s Institute of Contemporary Jewry.
Dushkin edited educational publications in the United States and Israel and wrote many monographs and articles on Jewish education. In 1968 he was awarded the Israel Prize.

Having arrived at the École Biblique in 1893, Father Savignac specialized in epigraphy; he quickly became an absolute reference in Semitic epigraphy. Forming a studious tandem with Fr. Marie-Antonin Jaussen, he travelled with the latter on numerous occasions throughout Arabia, during epigraphic, archaeological and ethnological explorations from which he produced several monographs.

To be completed.
Historian, public speaker, journalist.

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraam_Norov

Born on December 14, 1916 in Seiches-sur-le-Loir in Anjou, Claude Boismard entered the Dominican province of Lyon in 1935, after a bachelor's degree in philosophy, where he received the name Marie-Émile. After military service in the transmissions, immediately followed by the war, he was able to return to the studentate of Saint-Alban-Leysse in 1940, and was ordained a priest in April 1943. He continued his studies at the Saulchoir d'Etiolles and obtained the readership in theology with a thesis on the doxa in Paul's epistles. His superiors decided to have him continue his studies at the École Biblique, which he managed to join in January 1946, after the resumption of regular links.

It is the Master General of the Order who, at Fr. Benoit's request, decides on his definitive assignment to Jerusalem. He joined the faculty in January 1948, after passing the Bible Commission exams. He then specialized in Johannine literature; that is why, in 1948, he was entrusted with the Apocalypse for the edition of the first Jerusalem Bible. He did an excellent translation and a very innovative commentary.

In 1950, the Master of the Order appointed him Professor of the New Testament at the University of Fribourg. Benoit persuaded Fr. Spicq to take his place. Boismard was therefore able to return to Jerusalem and embark on new research on the fourth gospel and Catholic epistles.

He is also involved in a commented synopsis project promoted by Fr. Benoit. He composed about 70% of this synopsis, then the entire literary commentary. He was helped in this task by Fr. Arnaud Lamouille. The commentary appeared in 1972. The literary theories developed there were not unanimously accepted.

With Lamouille, Boismard then attacked the Acts of the Apostles and very quickly realized that the boundary between textual criticism and literary criticism was unstable (the book was indeed known in two versions, the Western text and the Alexandrian text). The result of the work of textual criticism appeared in 1985 in the form of the book Le texte occidental des Actes des Apôtres. Reconstruction and rehabilitation. He then undertook a literary examination of it, presented in the book Les Actes des deux Apôtres, published in 1990. In 1991, Fr. Lamouille, a victim of very serious eye problems, had to leave Jerusalem. Father Boismard lost with him his dearest collaborator.

Boismard then completed two studies begun with Lamouille: Le Diatessaron: from Tatien to Justin (1992) and the first volume of Un évangile préjohannique; Jean 1, 1-2, 12 (1993). He defends one of his dear ideas: the canonical version of the gospels would be longer than their original version. He taught at the School until 2001.

In 1984, he was made an officer of the National Order of Merit and, in 1988, Doctor Honoris causa of the University of Louvain. He died of cancer on April 23, 2004. In his last years, he had published a History of My Life (2002).

Born in Rennes in 1904, Charles Couäsnon is the son of an architect, a profession he also chose. He was admitted to the Beaux-Arts de Rennes in 1923, before completing his training at the Beaux-Arts de Paris. He obtained the title of architect graduated by the Government in 1933. He was later appointed ordinary architect of the historic monuments of Ille-et-Vilaine. In 1938, he built the Sainte-Anne chapel near Rennes. It was at this moment that he thought of entering the Dominican order. He was mobilized at the same time and spent three years in captivity, from June 1940 to April 1943.

He entered the novitiate in 1943 and made his profession in 1944. Ordained a priest on July 16, 1948, he was assigned in 1950 to the convent of Saint-Etienne, his only convent of assignment until his death in 1976. He came here to help Fr. de Vaux in his excavations as an architect, which he did at Tell el Far'ah. From 1952 to 1954, he resided in Casablanca to direct the construction of a Dominican convent, which he also did in Mosul afterwards. Then he resumed work with Fr. de Vaux in Qumran, where he was in charge of the overall surveys.

In the Holy Land, he was called upon on all sides, particularly for the Benedictine monastery in Bethlehem, the restoration of the Holy Anne's Church in Jerusalem, or the restoration of the Crusader Church in Abu Gosh.
But his life's work was to cooperate in the restoration of the Holy Sepulchre from 1962 to 1976. The progress of the work can be followed more accurately in his book The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, Sweich Lectures, 1972, Oxford University Press, 1974.

The basilica had been damaged by a fire in 1808, and an earthquake in 1927 had worsened its condition. In 1954, the three Christian communities owning and using the basilica had succeeded in reaching an agreement to begin its restoration. Work began in 1962, with each community having its chief architect. Fr. Couäsnon was the local representative of Jean Trouvelot, Inspector General of French Historical Monuments, architect for the Custody. On site, a "Joint Technical Office" bringing together Couäsnon and his Greek and Armenian counterparts, carried out the work in constant liaison with the three chief architects, who had remained in Paris and Athens.

The first objective was the restoration of the 12th century Crusader church (transept crosspieces, Katholicon choir, pillars, ground floor ambulatory). This was completed in 1969. The restoration of the Rotunda, whose building had to be supported, was then carried out.

Fr. Couäsnon was struck by a heart attack in 1976, while driving with Fr. Dreyfus. He died immediately.

In the 17th century, King Louis the 13th decided to appoint a French consul in Jerusalem, as he was urged to protect the Latin people and restore their threatened rights. But until 1842, the French presence in town remained occasional.
Before the French consulate being stable, French and Palestinian affairs were ruled by other French consulates first in Aleppo, then in Cairo and finally in Damascus.
On the 29th December of 1842, the French Foreign office established a consulate in Jerusalem, and first put in charge Count Gabriel de Lantivy. For quite a long time, consuls’ missions had been both religious and political. Consuls were directly under the authority of the French embassy in Constantinople.

In 1871, the defeat of France against Germany unsettled the protectorate and French prerogatives upon the Christian monks it had to protect. Therefore, the French Foreign office deeply reformed the consulate so that it could better serve the French interests in the area. At the end of the 19th century, the Consul of France used the powerful French Catholic missionary movement to enlarge his influence. Many French religious orders came and settled their houses in Jerusalem and around Holy places (Mytilene agreement in 1901 and Treaty of Constantinople in 1913). Thus, the French presence in the area increased just before the First World War. Furthemore, capitulations of the Ottoman Empire allowed France to gather more and more people under its protection. In addition, as a consequence of colonization of Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Consulate also began to protect a larger number of Muslim and Jewish citizens who came and lived in the Holy City.
Franco-Russian Alliance (1891) brought some troubles to the Consulate. The diplomatic and political crisis the Ottoman Empire got through until the First World War unsettled its authority. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1918, the General Consulate in Jerusalem enfranchised from the French Embassy authority in Constantinople and became General Consulate. In may 1941, The Consulate was closed upon mandatory British authorities.

Consuls of Jerusalem Post :

• Count of Lantivy (1843-1845)
• Mr. Helouis-Jorelle (1846-1848)
• Mr. Botta (1848-1855)
• Mr. de Barrère (1856-1870)
• Mr. Crampon (1871-1873)
• Mr. Patrimonio (1873-1881)
• Mr. Langlais (1881-1883
• Mr. Destrées (1883-1885)
• Mr. Charles Ledoux (1885-1897)
• Mr. Pierre Auzepy (1898-1901)
• Mr. Honoré Daumas (1901-1902)
• Mr. Jules Boppe (1902-1904)
• Mr. Georges Outret (1905-1907)
• Mr. Georges Gueyraud (1908-1914)

The Prussian Consulate in Jerusalem was established in 1842. From 1868 it operated as the Consulate of the Norddeutsche Bund and during the years 1871‐1913 as the Consulate ‐ and since 1913 as the Consulate General ‐ of the German Reich. In 1844 a German Consular Agency was established in Jaffa, which acted as a branch of the Consulate in Jerusalem. In 1870 the office in Jaffa was recognized as a Vice‐Consulate. A professional consul was appointed in Jaffa in 1895 and the status of the office was altered accordingly to include jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. In Haifa a Consular Agency began functioning in 1877 which became a Vice‐Consulate in 1908. With the conquest of Palestine by the Allied armies in 1917 the consulates were closed and German interests were handled by the Spanish Consulate. In 1924 a German Consular Representative was attached to the Spanish Consulate and in 1925 a German Consul for Palestine was re‐appointed. The Consulate was closed in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II.

During its first 25 years, the Jerusalem consulate was subordinate to the administrative authority of the consulate-general in Beyrouth; it was placed under the direct supervision of the foreign ministry in Berlin in 1868 and officially elevated to the rank of “consulate-general” in 1913.

During its 97 years of activity, the territorial limits of the consulate in Jerusalem underwent several changes. During the Ottoman period, the jurisdiction of the consulate was coextensive with the administrative domain of the sanjak (district) of Jerusalem, which included Jaffa and the Gaza area. In 1871, the sanjaks of Acre and Nablus were added, but a decade later the sanjak of Acre, including Haifa, was transferred to the authority of the German consul in Beyrouth. In 1883, the new sanjak of Ma’an (southern Transjordan) was brought under the jurisdiction of the consul in Jerusalem.

Archives held at ISA (Jerusalem) with a duplicate in Berlin.

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