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Ruhi al-Khalidi est un écrivain, un enseignant, un militant et un homme politique de l'Empire ottoman au tournant du XXe siècle.

Il entre à l'école sultanique d'Istanbul en 1893, enseigne par la suite à Jérusalem et occupe de nombreux postes administratifs sous le règne ottoman. Il étudie notamment la philosophie des sciences islamiques et la littérature orientale à l'université de la Sorbonne à Paris et est nommé professeur à la Société des publications en langues étrangères et Consul général de l’Empire ottoman à Bordeaux (en France) de 1898 à 1908.

En 1908, Ruhi al-Khalidi est l'un des trois délégués élus pour représenter Jérusalem au sein du nouveau parlement ottoman. Il devient vice-président du Parlement en 1911 et représentant de l'Assemblée nationale de Jérusalem. Il soulève la question du sionisme à plusieurs reprises lors de sessions parlementaires, mettant en garde contre les conséquences potentiellement négatives de l'immigration juive et la poursuite de la vente des terres représentant sa patrie.
Il est notamment l'un des pionniers dans la rédaction de manuscrits sur le sionisme ("Le sionisme ou la question sioniste").

Il publie aussi d’autres écrits sur des thèmes variés qui témoignent de ses sujets d'études : An Introduction to the Eastern Question (1897), Victor Hugo and A Comparative Study of Arabic and French Literature (première publication en arabe en 1904 ; réédition en 1912), Chemistry Among the Arabs (arabe, 1953).

To be completed

Ottoman period:
Jerusalem municipal council (majlis baladiyya, meclis-i belediye) came into existence in the early 1860s. Jerusalem was, in fact, one of the very first cities within the Ottoman Empire to form a municipality, which was further consolidated after the Ottoman law on municipalities in 1877. From the 1880s onward, the municipal council was composed of nine to twelve members, elected for a renewable mandate of four years: there were generally six Muslims, two Christians, and one or two Jews on the council (depending on the period), in addition to a maximum of four ex officio members.

Mandate period:
Construction of the historical city hall building in 1930 (used until 1993)

From 1948: to be completed.

To be completed.
The Supreme Spiritual Council is the highest executive body of the Armenian Church and is presided over by the Catholicos of All Armenians. The members of the Council can be elected by the National Ecclesiastical Assembly or appointed by the Catholicos of All Armenians. The Catholicos of All Armenians, Gevorg V. Soorenian established the Supreme Spiritual Council on January 1, 1924, to replace the Synod of Bishops.

The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (Russian: Императорское православное палестинское общество), founded in 1882, is a scholarly organization for the study of the Middle East. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the society was renamed the Russian Palestine Society (Russian: Российское Палестинское Общество) and attached to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Its original name was restored by the society on 22 May 1992.

The Procurator (Russian: прокурор, prokuror) was an office initially established in 1722 by Peter the Great, the first Emperor of the Russian Empire, as part of reforms to bring the Russian Orthodox Church more directly under his control.
The Russian word also has the meaning of prosecutor.
The Chief Procurator (also Ober-Procurator; обер-прокурор, ober-prokuror) was the official title of the head of the Most Holy Synod, effectively the lay head of the Russian Orthodox Church, and a member of the Tsar's cabinet. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a former tutor both of Alexander III and of Nicholas II, was one of the most powerful men to hold the post, from 1880 to 1905.
The General Procurator (Procurator General) and the Chief Procurator were major supervisory positions in the Russian Governing Senate, which functioned from 1711 to 1917, with their meaning changing over time. Eventually Chief Procurator became the title of the head of a department of the Senate.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office

The Cabinet Council (Meclis-i Vükela) is the assembly that consists of the Sheikhulislam and ministers under the Grand Vizier and that makes decisions about the domestic and foreign policies of the state and about important deeds. This assembly was also called the Council of Ministers (Meclis-i Has) or the Council of Ministers (Meclis-i Hass-ı Vükela), which is tantamount to the Cabinet, or Council of Ministers, today.

To be completed.