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In 1890, Father Marie-Joseph Lagrange opened the "Ecole pratique d'Etudes bibliques" in the Convent of Saint-Etienne to study the Bible within the framework of its development.
In the following years, the buildings of the School, the convent and the basilica were successively built, the dedication of which was celebrated on May 13, 1900.
In 1920, the French government recognized the École Biblique as the French Archaeological School of Jerusalem. The School is then attached to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
From the first generation of professors, we can mention Father Édouard Dhorme, a great assyriologist, Father Louis-Hugues Vincent, who dedicated his life to Palestinian archaeology, Father Abel, a specialist in biblical history and geography, or Father Antonin Jaussen and Raphaël Savignac, who brought back from their explorations an impressive archaeological, epigraphic and ethnographic treasure.
Under the direction of Fr. Roland de Vaux, the second generation worked no less. It undertook real archaeological excavations in several places, starting with Abu Gosh (1946) and Emmaus-Nicopolis. The largest excavations were those of Tell el-Far'ah nord (1946-1960), identified by Fr. de Vaux as the former Tirça, and the exploration of Khirbet Qumran from 1951 onwards. The Qumran excavations were accompanied by a work as long as it was of primary importance on the famous manuscripts. A team of epigraphers was then formed, which worked for many years to identify and publish the fragments found in the caves. At the death of Fr. de Vaux (1971), the archaeology department was taken over by Fr. Benoit, his collaborator for many years, a fine connoisseur of Jerusalem.
The same Fr. Benoit also played an important role in the publication of the first Jerusalem Bible immediately after the Second World War. This new French edition of the Bible, later published in many other languages, was distinguished by its rich notes and in-depth theological reflection. Following the first edition, in fascicles, many reprints were published, promoting the progress of exegetical research, up to the famous Jerusalem Bible of the year 2000.
The scientific activity of the School is also illustrated by its periodical publications, whether it is the Revue Biblique (RB), founded in 1892, the only journal covering the entire biblical field, or the collections of Bible Studies (since 1903) and the Cahiers de la Revue Biblique.
The convent of Saint-Etienne/Biblical School has also housed an important library since the beginning, specialising in the exegesis and archaeology of the Near East.

In the 17th century, King Louis the 13th decided to appoint a French consul in Jerusalem, as he was urged to protect the Latin people and restore their threatened rights. But until 1842, the French presence in town remained occasional.
Before the French consulate being stable, French and Palestinian affairs were ruled by other French consulates first in Aleppo, then in Cairo and finally in Damascus.
On the 29th December of 1842, the French Foreign office established a consulate in Jerusalem, and first put in charge Count Gabriel de Lantivy. For quite a long time, consuls’ missions had been both religious and political. Consuls were directly under the authority of the French embassy in Constantinople.

In 1871, the defeat of France against Germany unsettled the protectorate and French prerogatives upon the Christian monks it had to protect. Therefore, the French Foreign office deeply reformed the consulate so that it could better serve the French interests in the area. At the end of the 19th century, the Consul of France used the powerful French Catholic missionary movement to enlarge his influence. Many French religious orders came and settled their houses in Jerusalem and around Holy places (Mytilene agreement in 1901 and Treaty of Constantinople in 1913). Thus, the French presence in the area increased just before the First World War. Furthemore, capitulations of the Ottoman Empire allowed France to gather more and more people under its protection. In addition, as a consequence of colonization of Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Consulate also began to protect a larger number of Muslim and Jewish citizens who came and lived in the Holy City.
Franco-Russian Alliance (1891) brought some troubles to the Consulate. The diplomatic and political crisis the Ottoman Empire got through until the First World War unsettled its authority. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1918, the General Consulate in Jerusalem enfranchised from the French Embassy authority in Constantinople and became General Consulate. In may 1941, The Consulate was closed upon mandatory British authorities.

Consuls of Jerusalem Post :

• Count of Lantivy (1843-1845)
• Mr. Helouis-Jorelle (1846-1848)
• Mr. Botta (1848-1855)
• Mr. de Barrère (1856-1870)
• Mr. Crampon (1871-1873)
• Mr. Patrimonio (1873-1881)
• Mr. Langlais (1881-1883
• Mr. Destrées (1883-1885)
• Mr. Charles Ledoux (1885-1897)
• Mr. Pierre Auzepy (1898-1901)
• Mr. Honoré Daumas (1901-1902)
• Mr. Jules Boppe (1902-1904)
• Mr. Georges Outret (1905-1907)
• Mr. Georges Gueyraud (1908-1914)

1832-1871. The control of Algerian civil affairs was entrusted to the Minister of War from 1832 to 1870. In fact, the responsibilities of the Ministry of War for civil affairs in Algeria were devolved to the Ministry of the Interior. A decree of the following May 6 transferred to it the opening of the corresponding credits and a department for civil affairs in Algeria was created within it by the decree of November 8, 1871. The transfer of powers from the Minister of War to the Minister of the Interior was reflected in the administrative plan by a simple transfer of offices from one ministerial department to another.

1905. In 1905, the commission for the reorganization of the administration of the Ministry of the Interior, judging that the office of Algeria lacked means and authority, proposed to turn it into a directorate employing fourteen civil servants and made up of two offices, one in charge of administrative affairs, the other of economic and financial affairs. Five years after its creation, the Directorate of Algerian Affairs was merged with the Directorate of Control and Accounting by the decree of September 16, 1927. The Algerian offices thus became the fourth and fifth offices of the new Directorate of Control, Accounting and Algerian Affairs.

1906. Since 1943, the sub-directorate of Algeria has been composed of three offices: an office of political affairs, an office of administrative affairs, which resulted from a sharing of the functions of the former political office, and an office of economic affairs.

1907. By the ordinance of November 16, 1944 on the organization of the Ministry of the Interior, the sub-directorate of Algeria was attached to the general directorate of regional, departmental and communal administration of the Ministry and consisted of an office of the sub-director, and three offices: a political and social office, headed by Pierre Rosier (ALG-1), an administrative office headed by Maurice Michel (ALG-2), and an economic and financial office, headed by Edouard Léautier (ALG-3).

1908. Decree no. 49-242 of February 23, 1949 brought together the sub-directorate for Algeria and the office in charge of the overseas departments within a service for Algeria and the overseas departments and Algeria attached to the Ministry of the Interior and headed by Prefect Pierre Damelon. A fourth office was created in the subdirectorate of Algeria: the office of the subdirectorate thus created was called the office of coordination and social action.

1955-1956. After the outbreak of the Algerian war, the administration in charge of Algerian affairs was reinforced. The sub-directorate of Algeria was transformed into a directorate by a decree of 3 February 1955. The Minister of the Interior exercised powers in Algerian matters until February 16, 1956, when they were transferred to the President of the Council. On March 16, 1956, the law known as the "special powers" law was passed, giving the government increased powers in terms of reform and maintenance of order. Robert Lacoste then became Minister for Algeria and was in charge of the General Government services as well as the direction of Algerian affairs.

1958. General De Gaulle returned to power on June 1, 1958. He constantly tried to regain control of the Algerian situation and appointed a secretary general for Algerian affairs at his side. To carry out these missions, the Secretary General was assigned a cabinet and a study mission, the direction of Algerian affairs, various organizations and in general the public services and organizations of press, propaganda and economic action dependent on the Ministry of the Interior. He was also in charge of restructuring the ministerial services in charge of Algeria.

1960-1964. It was with the aim of preparing the negotiations with Algeria that General De Gaulle appointed Louis Joxe Minister of State in charge of Algerian affairs, by decree of 22 November 1960. The Prime Minister's powers regarding Algeria were then transferred to him. The General Delegate and the General Secretariat for Algerian Affairs were placed under his authority. The administration of the ministry is composed of a political affairs and information department, headed by Bruno de Leusse, Foreign Affairs Advisor. The department of administrative and social affairs was headed by Pierre Rosier, former deputy director of the Algerian affairs department, and consisted of an office of administrative affairs, an office of social affairs, and an office of the civil service. The department of economic and financial affairs was headed by Robert Rigard, former deputy director of the Algerian affairs department. The last department of the ministry was that of general affairs, headed by M. Dijon.
After the independence of Algeria, the organization of the ministry is naturally modified to face new attributions.

1929-1948: appointed Titular of the new Apostolic Nonciature in Ireland.

To be completed.

Born on July 8, 1939 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Gilles Caron grew up in Maisons-Laffitte. After spending his childhood in Maisons-Laffitte, Gilles is sent in 1946 to a boarding school in Argentière (Haute-Savoie), following the separation of his parents, he will stay there seven years.

After completing his studies at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in Paris, Gilles took a one-year course in journalism at the École des hautes études internationales in Paris in 1958. During the summer, he hitchhiked to Yugoslavia, Turkey and India.

After passing his civilian parachute exam in 1959, he was called up for his 28-month military service, 22 of which were in Algeria. Gilles is imprisoned for two months following his refusal to fight after the putsch. Gilles finishes his service with a ban on carrying weapons. When he returned to France in 1962, he married Marianne. They have two daughters together: Marjolaine born on March 9, 1963 and Clementine born on December 8, 1967.

Following an internship in 1964 with Patrice Molinard, an advertising and fashion photographer, Gilles joined the Apis agency (Agence Parisienne d'Information Sociale). There he meets Raymond Depardon, a photographer from the Dalmas agency, and participates in August in the shooting of La guerre est finie by Alain Resnais.

On February 19, 1966, Gilles Caron made the front page of France-Soir with Marcel Leroy-Finville (imprisoned for the kidnapping and assassination of Mehdi Ben Barka) during his walk in the Santé prison. In May he works in Paris for the fashion agency Photographic Service directed by Giancarlo Botti. In December he joins the founding team of Gamma composed of Raymond Depardon, Hubert Henrotte, Jean Monteux and Hugues Vassal.

Between June 5 and 10, 1967 he covered the Six Day War and entered Jerusalem with the Israeli army and then reached the Suez Canal with the commanding forces led by General Ariel Sharon. The publication of his images in Paris Match made the Gamma agency the leading agency in the world. In November and December he is in Vietnam notably at Đắk Tô, during one of the hardest battles of the conflict (Hill 875).

In April 1968 he covered the civil war in Biafra. In May the student revolts in Paris begin and spread throughout France, provoking a general strike. Gilles Caron covers the student demonstrations in Paris on a daily basis; he follows President Charles de Gaulle on an official visit to Romania between May 14 and 18. In July he makes a second trip to Biafra with Raymond Depardon. In September he travels to Mexico City following the violent repression of student demonstrations on the eve of the Olympic Games. In November he made his third report in Biafra.

In August 1969 Gilles Caron covers the Catholic demonstrations in Londonderry and Belfast in Northern Ireland, "The Troubles". A few days later, he follows the anniversary of the crushing of the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia by Soviet tanks. In its August 30 issue, Paris Match published the two reports simultaneously.

In January and February 1970 he was part of an expedition to the Chadian Tibesti region organized by Robert Pledge, with Raymond Depardon and Michel Honorin, to cover the rebellion of the Toubous against the central government in Fort Lamy (N'djamena) supported by the French government. The four journalists were ambushed and held prisoner for a month by government forces.
That same year, in April, he went to Cambodia the day after Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed by General Lon Nol.
On April 5, 1970, he was the first of twenty or so journalists and development workers of all nationalities to disappear with Swiss reporter Guy Hannoteaux and French development worker Michel Visot, on Route No. 1 linking Cambodia to Vietnam in an area controlled by Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge.

To be completed.

http://www.jerusalem-patriarchate.info/main/eng

Hakob Oshakan (December 9 , 1883 Buddha , Turkey - February 17 , 1948 , Aleppo , Syria ), well-known Western-Armenian writer, teacher and educator.

Henry Kendall studied architecture in the University of London from 1922 to 1927, before getting a practicum in urban planning in 1928.
He began his career as an urban planner in Malesia (1929-1932) and in England (1935). From 1936 and until the end of the British mandate (1948), he worked in Palestine and for the city of Jerusalem. Afterwards, Henry Kendall worked in Uganda (1948-1956), Zanzibar (1957-1958) and Ghana (1958-1962). Between 1963 and 1966, his activities in Jordan concerned the city of Jerusalem in particular. He then worked in Gibraltar (1967-1977) and was member of the Committee for Historic preservation of the English Countryside (1978-1983).