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1832-1871. The control of Algerian civil affairs was entrusted to the Minister of War from 1832 to 1870. In fact, the responsibilities of the Ministry of War for civil affairs in Algeria were devolved to the Ministry of the Interior. A decree of the following May 6 transferred to it the opening of the corresponding credits and a department for civil affairs in Algeria was created within it by the decree of November 8, 1871. The transfer of powers from the Minister of War to the Minister of the Interior was reflected in the administrative plan by a simple transfer of offices from one ministerial department to another.

1905. In 1905, the commission for the reorganization of the administration of the Ministry of the Interior, judging that the office of Algeria lacked means and authority, proposed to turn it into a directorate employing fourteen civil servants and made up of two offices, one in charge of administrative affairs, the other of economic and financial affairs. Five years after its creation, the Directorate of Algerian Affairs was merged with the Directorate of Control and Accounting by the decree of September 16, 1927. The Algerian offices thus became the fourth and fifth offices of the new Directorate of Control, Accounting and Algerian Affairs.

1906. Since 1943, the sub-directorate of Algeria has been composed of three offices: an office of political affairs, an office of administrative affairs, which resulted from a sharing of the functions of the former political office, and an office of economic affairs.

1907. By the ordinance of November 16, 1944 on the organization of the Ministry of the Interior, the sub-directorate of Algeria was attached to the general directorate of regional, departmental and communal administration of the Ministry and consisted of an office of the sub-director, and three offices: a political and social office, headed by Pierre Rosier (ALG-1), an administrative office headed by Maurice Michel (ALG-2), and an economic and financial office, headed by Edouard Léautier (ALG-3).

1908. Decree no. 49-242 of February 23, 1949 brought together the sub-directorate for Algeria and the office in charge of the overseas departments within a service for Algeria and the overseas departments and Algeria attached to the Ministry of the Interior and headed by Prefect Pierre Damelon. A fourth office was created in the subdirectorate of Algeria: the office of the subdirectorate thus created was called the office of coordination and social action.

1955-1956. After the outbreak of the Algerian war, the administration in charge of Algerian affairs was reinforced. The sub-directorate of Algeria was transformed into a directorate by a decree of 3 February 1955. The Minister of the Interior exercised powers in Algerian matters until February 16, 1956, when they were transferred to the President of the Council. On March 16, 1956, the law known as the "special powers" law was passed, giving the government increased powers in terms of reform and maintenance of order. Robert Lacoste then became Minister for Algeria and was in charge of the General Government services as well as the direction of Algerian affairs.

1958. General De Gaulle returned to power on June 1, 1958. He constantly tried to regain control of the Algerian situation and appointed a secretary general for Algerian affairs at his side. To carry out these missions, the Secretary General was assigned a cabinet and a study mission, the direction of Algerian affairs, various organizations and in general the public services and organizations of press, propaganda and economic action dependent on the Ministry of the Interior. He was also in charge of restructuring the ministerial services in charge of Algeria.

1960-1964. It was with the aim of preparing the negotiations with Algeria that General De Gaulle appointed Louis Joxe Minister of State in charge of Algerian affairs, by decree of 22 November 1960. The Prime Minister's powers regarding Algeria were then transferred to him. The General Delegate and the General Secretariat for Algerian Affairs were placed under his authority. The administration of the ministry is composed of a political affairs and information department, headed by Bruno de Leusse, Foreign Affairs Advisor. The department of administrative and social affairs was headed by Pierre Rosier, former deputy director of the Algerian affairs department, and consisted of an office of administrative affairs, an office of social affairs, and an office of the civil service. The department of economic and financial affairs was headed by Robert Rigard, former deputy director of the Algerian affairs department. The last department of the ministry was that of general affairs, headed by M. Dijon.
After the independence of Algeria, the organization of the ministry is naturally modified to face new attributions.

The Zionist Organization (ZO) was created at the instigation of Theodor Herzl in August 1897 during the First Zionist Congress held in Basel (Switzerland). Its foundation went along with the establishment of the Basel Program, stating its goals, which can be summed up as follows: to promote the settlement of Jewish people in Palestine; to unit the Jewish community on local and international levels; to strengthen the Jewish national sentiment; to intervene with government.
The Central Zionist Office, headquarters of the organization, was first set in Vienna (Austria-Hungary then). Afterwards, it moved to Cologne (Germany - 1905), to Berlin (Germany - 1911), to London (Great Britain - 1920) and, finally, to Jerusalem (1955).
In 1960, the Zionist Organization changed its name to World Zionist Organization (WZO).
Several bodies are coordinated by the WZO, as world zionist unions, territorial zionist federations and international zionist organizations.

At its foundation, the Anglo-Palestine Company (APC) was a banking subsidiary of the Jewish Colonial Trust, created in 1898 at the instigation of Theodor Herzl and of the Zionist Organization in order to fund an eventual establishment of the State of Israel. It was incorporated in 1902 in London.
In 1903, the bank opened its first branch in Jaffa. Between 1904 and 1907, new branches were opened in Jerusalem, Beirut and Hebron, and, in 1923, in Tel Aviv.
In 1930, the APC changed its name to Anglo-Palestine Bank (APB).
When the State of Israel was created, in 1948, the APB became its central bank. In 1950, it was registered in Tel Aviv with a new name: Bank Leumi Ie Israel (meaning "national bank of Israel"). Four years later, as the Bank of Israel was created by the State, Bank Leumi Ie Israel became a commercial bank. It was then extended by the establishment of branches in the United States of America (from 1954) and in London (1959).
The banking group which emerged at this time simplified its name to "Bank Leumi" or "Leumi".

During the Roman period, the present site of Algiers was occupied by the city of Icosium (seat of a bishopric) which depended on the province of Mauritania Caesarea whose capital was Cherchell. During the Ottoman period, the Lazarist Fathers successively occupied the office of vicar apostolic from 1650 to 1827, ensuring the service of the Christians, the prisons, the merchants and the consuls.

The Church regained a diocesan structure in 1838 with the creation of the bishopric of Algiers which covered all of Algeria until 1866, when it became an archdiocese with the creation of the two other dioceses of the North. After Monseigneur Dupuch (1846-1866) who was the interlocutor of the Emir Abdelkader, and Monseigneur Pavy (1846-1866) the builder of the Notre Dame d'Afrique basilica, Cardinal Lavigerie directed the diocese of Algiers from 1866 to 1892. Upon his arrival (1868) he founded the White Fathers and the White Sisters (1869).

The Diocese of Algiers currently includes fifty priests and religious, seventy-five nuns and a few thousand Christians with Mgr. Paul Desfarges, of French-Algerian nationality as Archbishop since 24 December 2016.

The diocese of Algiers includes the regions of Algiers, Medea and the eastern part of the Cheliff Valley, as well as the Greater Kabylie.

The British Mandate established the country's first survey department in 1920, known as the Survey Department of Palestine. Survey of Israel is the survey and mapping department of the Israeli Ministry of Housing and Construction. It is the successor of the Survey Department of Palestine.

Survey of Israel is the goverment agency for Mapping, Geodesy, Cadastre and Geoinformatics. The Survey is responsible for the national infrastructure in these areas as well as for a number of official functions.

The Survey of Israel pays particular attention to construction infrastructure, security and emergency services, environmental protection, tourism and research and development.
In the area of cadastre, the Survey leads the activities leading to land registration (Land Surveys Department). It is responsible for defining the boundaries of blocks and parcels in terms of coordinates and plans. The Survey deals annually with the continuation of settlement as well as with new subdivisions (re-parcellation) that express a change in the rights to the land or its use, or both.

In June 1948, during the war for Palestine, a group of Mandate municipal employees carried out municipal tasks, whose existence dated back to the late Ottoman period. The new Arab Municipal Council of Jerusalem worked until June 1967, when Israel dissolved this Arab municipal council following the Israeli occupation of the Old City, East Jerusalem and the West Bank.

Henry Kendall studied architecture in the University of London from 1922 to 1927, before getting a practicum in urban planning in 1928.
He began his career as an urban planner in Malesia (1929-1932) and in England (1935). From 1936 and until the end of the British mandate (1948), he worked in Palestine and for the city of Jerusalem. Afterwards, Henry Kendall worked in Uganda (1948-1956), Zanzibar (1957-1958) and Ghana (1958-1962). Between 1963 and 1966, his activities in Jordan concerned the city of Jerusalem in particular. He then worked in Gibraltar (1967-1977) and was member of the Committee for Historic preservation of the English Countryside (1978-1983).

Lea Majaro was born in the Old City of Jerusalem in 1925 and took the name Majaro-Mintz after her marriage with Yitzhak Mintz. She studied art in the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design and law in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Lea Majaro-Mintz is recognized for her artistical works in painting and sculpture.
After the Six-Day War (1967), she moved back in the Jewish Quarter if the Old City. In 1968, the "Kotel Order" ordered several drawings from her.

To be completed.