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“Mshak” was an Armenian language literary and political daily newspaper (weekly when established) published from 1872-1920 in Tiflis, Russian Empire (now Tbilisi, Georgia). It was founded by Grigor Artsruni.

Mshak was famous particularly for its liberal ideas, promoting the creation of a united Armenian state inside Russia.

In 1921, after the Soviet invasion of Georgia, Mshak, along with other anti-Bolshevik media, was closed.

http://www.pef.org.uk/history

The Church of the Pater Noster is a Roman Catholic church located on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. It is part of a Carmelite monastery, also known as the Sanctuary of the Eleona (French: Domaine de l'Eleona). The Church of the Pater Noster stands right next to the ruins of the 4th-century Byzantine Church of Eleona.

The Carmelite convent of Pater Noster was founded in 1875. It originated from a meeting between Princess Aurelia Bossi de la Tour d'Auvergne (1809-1889), and Sister Xavier du Coeur de Jésus, a professed nun from Lisieux (France) Carmelite convent, who had spent nine years in Saigon Carmelite convent.
After some years of service in Saigon, Mother Xavier of the Heart of Jesus returned to France but her missionary spirit and certainly the Holy Spirit inspired her to visit the holy sites in Jerusalem. She traveled to Jerusalem where she met the Princess of la Tour d'Auvergne who had used her wealth to revitalize the cave of the Pater Noster, a chapel, and the first cloistered monastery of Pater and was looking to entrust it to a religious community.
The princess and the Carmelite nun reached an agreement very quickly. Mother Xavier visited the site that seemed to her ideal for a Carmelite convent: "What a magnificent view! On one side the whole city of Jerusalem; on the other side the Dead Sea, the road to Bethany and Bethphage. Close by on the right, the place of the Ascension; and on the left, the cave where Jesus taught, known as the Pater. At the foot of the mountain, the cave of the Agony, the garden of Gethsemane, the brook of Kedron, and the Siloam fountain. It would be very fortunate for us to be able to build a Carmelite convent here."
Mother Xavier returned to France in order to help bring together the founding sisters of the Carmelite convent of the Pater Noster. The Monastery of Carpentras provided the first group of Carmelite nuns.
The Carmelite convent of the Pater Noster was officially inaugurated in 1874.

The monastery of St. Clare of Jerusalem was founded in 1888 by a French community in Paray-le-Monial (Diocese of Autun). The first nuns arrived in 1884 and began by founding the monastery of St. Clare of Nazareth; the foundation of the monastery of Jerusalem followed in a second step. This first community was led by Mother Elisabeth of Calvary and accompanied by Father Gauthey, Vicar General of the Diocese of Autun. The monastery is under the jurisdiction of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, restored as a residential seat by Pope Pius IX in 1847.

Several well-known personalities are linked to the history of the monastery. Thus, the establishment of the monastery was initially marked by the support of Léon Harmel, a French industrialist, a prominent figure in French social Catholicism with Albert de Mun. Indeed, Leon Harmel's daughter, Maria Harmel, first of all clarified in Paray-le-Monial joined the adventure of founding the monastery of St. Clare of Jerusalem. Thus, the establishment of the monastery is under permit financed by Léon Harmel's endowments.

The history of the monastery is also marked by an exile in Egypt during the First World War. The Poor Clares then returned to their premises.

Robert Langlamet was born on May 17, 1931 in Cherbourg. Fragile in health, he had to interrupt his high school studies several times because of lung disease. After his baccalaureate in philosophy in 1950, he entered the Dominican novitiate of the convent of Saint-Jacques in Paris and received, at the time of his taking up his habit, the name of François. For a year, from 1951 to 1952, he had to interrupt his studies because of tuberculosis and treat in a sanatorium in Haute-Savoie. He then spent two years at the Major Seminary of Aix-en-Provence (1952-1954), the climate of the south of France being preferable to him. His studies of philosophy were supervised by Fr. Marcel Dubois, then at Le Saulchoir, whom he later met again in Jerusalem. In 1954, he was able to finish his novitiate and make profession a year later. He continued his years of philosophy and theology at Le Saulchoir, interrupted in turn by a severe hip surgery, for which he spent many months in hospital. He kept one hip stiff all his life. Ordained priest on July 10, 1960, he finished his studies with a degree in theology and a degree in reading. His superiors then intended him to prepare for the biblical examinations in Rome. Langlamet arrived in Jerusalem on October 15, 1962. His first year thesis, under the direction of Fr. Raymond Tournay, focused on chiasma in the Old Testament, while his second year thesis, under the direction of Fr. de Vaux, focused on the "anti-monarchist narrative" and the "deuteronomist vocabulary". De Vaux then asked for his assignment to Jerusalem, so that he could become an Old Testament teacher, specializing in the Pentateuch and historical books. He obtained his bachelor's degree and bachelor's degree in Sacred Scripture in 1964 and began teaching upon his return to Jerusalem, focusing his research on the "deuteronomist writing" of historical books. In 1967-1969, he also studied at the Hebrew University, where he researched Joshua, and was awarded the prize for the best student of the year for a seminar on "Geographical en historical Problems in the Book of Joshua". He mastered both biblical and modern Hebrew. In the autumn of 1970, he was asked to replace, with André Caquot, Father Prignaud as translator of Samuel's Books for the Ecumenical Translation of the Bible. He spent more than three years translating, drawing on the courses and articles he was preparing on Samuel's Books (1971-1975). The complete edition of the TOB was published in 1975. In 1971, he devoted an infinite amount of time to completing the second volume of Israel's ancient history. Father de Vaux had indeed died accidentally without having been able to write all his notes, which Langlamet takes up again. His participation in the TOB gave Langlamet a lasting orientation on the books of Samuel and the Kings, particularly on what he called "the history of the succession to the throne of David" (2 S 9-20 and 1 Kings 1-2). He concludes, after years of research into the sources of this history, that there had been several original narratives that were combined with "the history of succession", then "benjaminite additions", which underwent "theological-sapientiarchal" changes. He developed a particular method that could be described as both a study of vocabulary, the identification of elementary units and their grouping into larger units, the consideration of symmetrical structures such as chiasmas, "all this while revealing at each stage of the drafting process a balance of the text that is very different from what would be a thoughtless and unarthed compilation3". In 1995, he retired from teaching and research but continued to be active in the School. He continues to be of great service to the Bible Review, particularly by continuing to write reviews. In 1977, he introduced a "Collections and Mixtures" section, which he wrote alone until 2003, and where he presented more than 1000 collective works. For many years, he was in charge of the sacristy and the ringing of the convent bells. His precise and infinitely careful personality excelled in it. His funeral was held on March 1, 2005. He rests in the cemetery of the convent of Saint-Etienne.

Born in Paris on 17 December 1903, Roland de Vaux studied at the Collège Stanislas, then at the Sorbonne. After his degree, he entered the seminary of Saint-Sulpice, where he was ordained priest on June 29, 1929. But, having resolved to enter the Order of Preachers, he entered the novitiate at Amiens in September 1929, made profession there on 23 September 1930 and immediately made his studies at the Saulchoir de Cain in Belgium, where he remained until 1933. He then turned particularly to medieval philosophy, which explains the research leading to his first publication, dedicated to Avicenna. But he also turned to orientalism, before being asked, in 1933, by the École Biblique to complete the team of teachers then famous but aging. He arrived in Jerusalem in September 1933.

Father de Vaux first studied there for two years, under the direction of the PP. Lagrange, Vincent, Abel or Savignac. He passed the Bible Commission exams in June 1935. Back in Jerusalem, he was appointed professor of biblical history and archaeology, two subjects that would also be his main fields of research for the rest of his life. He taught these two disciplines from 1935 to 1971 without interruption. He also taught Assyro-Babylonian from 1935 to 1940 and Old Testament exegesis from 1946 to 1949, while preparing his translations for the first Jerusalem Bible. His former students agree in praising his pedagogical sense and brilliant presentations, with the absolute honesty he demonstrated as a researcher.
From these teachings came out several important works, starting with the Jerusalem Bible fascicles on Genesis, the Books of Samuel and the Kings. He also played a major role in the one-volume edition of the Jerusalem Bible in 1956. The two volumes of his Old Testament Institutions were translated into many languages.

He began his work as an archaeologist with modest campaigns that followed his first archaeological exploration in the Salt region of Transjordan in the summer of 1937. That same year, he and Fr. Savignac excavated the church of Ma'în, near Madaba (Jordan). In 1944, he and Fr. Stève carried out the excavation of an old caravanserai near the biblical Qiriat Yearim (Abu Gosh). Still with Fr. Stève, he then worked (1945-1946) on the site of el-Ma'moudiyeh, a Byzantine sanctuary dedicated to St. John the Baptist, west of Hebron. In 1946, he attacked a more important site: the Tell el-Far'ah of the North, later identified as the ancient Tirça, the first capital of the northern kingdom, from which King Omri emigrated to Samaria. Nine campaigns were devoted to this site until 1960.

In the middle of these Tell el-Far'ah campaigns, the "Qumran affair" arose, named after the manuscripts discovered in caves on the Dead Sea in 1947. From 1949 to 1958, Fr. de Vaux was responsible for the excavations of the various caves for the Bible School, and then for those of the Qumran site itself. In 1952, de Vaux organized a campaign of excavations at the wadi Murab'baat, followed by an excavation of the Qumran site every winter until 1956. Father de Vaux was also in charge of the international team responsible for studying and publishing the manuscripts, which were stored in the scrollery of the Rockefeller Museum until 1967. The findings of his research were presented in reports published in the Bible Review and in the 1959 "Schweich Lectures", lectures published in 1961 under the title Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls. From this book, Kathleen Kenyon could say: "This publication of his lectures is an monument to his skill as an excavator, as a historian and as an authority on the scrolls themselves".

Shortly afterwards, Fr. de Vaux was associated by Miss Kathleen Kenyon with the Jerusalem excavations: he was in charge of the southern part of the Mosque Esplanade, in the el-Khâtoûnîyeh district, which he searched from 1961 to 1963. The search was then resumed by Professor Mazar.

At the École Biblique, he also had heavy responsibilities to fulfil, since he was director of the Rebue Biblique from 1938 to 1953, director of the School from 1945 to 1965, as well as prior of the convent from 1949 to 1952. Appointed Consultant of the Pontifical Biblical Commission in 1956, then Master of Theology in 1958, he was called to Harvard as Visiting Professor for the year 1964-1965. The honours also followed since he was appointed correspondent member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1952, before becoming a non-resident free member in 1962. In 1961, he became a corresponding member of the British Academy, while subsequently being elected an honorary member of various scientific societies around the world. Several universities and colleges have also awarded him the title of Doctor honoris causa.

Struck by arteritis in early 1971, he gradually lost his health and died at St. Joseph's Hospital in Jerusalem on September 10, 1971. The funeral was held in Saint-Etienne on the 13th. His last work, Ancient History of Israel, was unfinished and was later completed and published by Fr. Langlamet.

Sir Ronald Storrs was a British soldier who held several positions of responsibility in the British colonial administration.

In particular, he was Governor of Jerusalem from 1917 to 1920, Governor of Judea until 1926

To be completed.
The Supreme Spiritual Council is the highest executive body of the Armenian Church and is presided over by the Catholicos of All Armenians. The members of the Council can be elected by the National Ecclesiastical Assembly or appointed by the Catholicos of All Armenians. The Catholicos of All Armenians, Gevorg V. Soorenian established the Supreme Spiritual Council on January 1, 1924, to replace the Synod of Bishops.