Mons. Paschal Charles Robinson (PCR)
- ERC337895-PCR
- Persona
- 1870-1948
Designato titolare della nuova nunziatura apostolica in Irlanda (1929-1948)
Mons. Paschal Charles Robinson (PCR)
Designato titolare della nuova nunziatura apostolica in Irlanda (1929-1948)
To be completed.
Ali Fuat Türkgeldi worked at different state offices such as Interior Chief Secretary of Ministry of Interior the Councillor of Ministry of Interior and the Imperial Council Directory Office of Finance and Public Works (Şura-yı Devlet Maliye ve Nafia Dairesi Başkanlığı) since 1907.
Jacques (Raymond in religion) Tournay, o.p. (JT)
Jacques Tournay was born in Paris, in the 16th arrondissement, on March 28, 1912. He attended the Brothers' School of the Christian Schools of the Rue de Grenelle, then the Stanislas College and the Albert de Mun College in Nogent-sur-Marne. In 1926, after a serious pleurisy, he was forced to take refuge in the mountains: it was there that he met Dominicans, including Fr. Festugière.
He entered the novitiate in Amiens in 1930, where he received the name Raymond. It is at the Saulchoir de Cain, in Belgium, that he completed the philosophy and theology curriculum. He was ordained a priest on July 14, 1936. However, when he became Fr. Congar's secretary, he was approached by Fr. Chenu, who was under pressure from Fr. Lagrange to find a successor to the Orientalist Edouard Dhorme, to go and study at the École Biblique.
Tournay therefore began studying assyriology in 1938 in Leuven, learning Assyrian-Babylonian and Akkadian with Fr. Vincent Scheil, the first translator of the Hammurabi Code.
Tournay arrived in Palestine in September 1938, shortly after the death of Fr. Lagrange, in the middle of an intifada.
Reformed for health reasons, he was not mobilized in 1939 but took advantage of wartime to go to Rome for his biblical license. Just before Mussolini's entry into the war alongside the Germans, he was able to take refuge in Paris where he helped Fr. Vincent to continue as best he could the publication of the Bible Review under the name of Vivre et Penser.
He was then invited to teach Hebrew and exegesis at the Saulchoir d'Etiolles until the end of the war. In 1942, Fr. Chenu entrusted him with a translation of the Psalms made by Fr. Synave. This was the starting point of his interest in Hebrew poetry. He began his work with the help of a Jewish poet, Joseph Leibowitz, who was arrested shortly afterwards. From that moment on, Tournay sought to restore the psalms to their rhythm and accents.
Throughout the war, Tournay followed the courses of René Labat and Jean Nougayrol at the EPHE. He began studying the legends of Gilgamesh, which led to the publication of his Epic of Gilgamesh in 1994. He also became professor of Assyro-Babylonian at the Institut catholique de Paris.
After seeing some arrests of Jewish friends up close, he decided to join the Resistance and became a liaison officer for a group that broadcast clandestine programs from abroad. He also helps Jewish friends to hide from being caught many times.
In October 1945, Fr. Vincent and Fr. Tournay were finally able to return to Palestine. Tournay continues his research in Assyriology and travels to Mesopotamia, Syria and Turkey.
Since the creation of the State of Israel, Tournay has been committed to efforts towards peace. He was helped by his friend Léopold Sédar Senghor, a great lover of poetry like him. Subsequently, Tournay became involved in the defence of three villages near Latroun that had been destroyed by the Israeli army during the Six-Day War.
In 1964, Tournay became a tutor to Prince Hassan of Jordan, brother of King Hussein. He regularly stays in Amman and teaches him French, Hebrew and even Aramaic for several years. In 1967, after the loss of Jordanian sovereignty over Palestine, Tournay became the informal contact of Jordanian diplomacy for France and the Vatican. In 1997, he helped Prince Hassan write the French version of his book Christianity in the Arab World (1995), written to promote Christian-Muslim relations. The result of this work was the publication of the book Le Christianisme et l'Islam sont nés en Orient (Brepols, Paris, 1997), which opens with a preface by Fr. Tournay.
During his many years in Jerusalem, Fr. Tournay was involved in charitable works, especially through Caritas Jerusalem, of which he was the delegate. He also worked to help the poorest in a very concrete way, by redistributing the surpluses from various kitchens. He was also responsible for the creation of children's clinics in Bethlehem.
Fr. Tournay was a teacher at the École Biblique for 46 years (1946-1992). In addition to the Akkadian and Sumerian classes, which he interrupted when Marcel Sigrist arrived in 1975, he focused on wisdom literature and, above all, on the Psalms. He was in charge of translating the Psalms for the first Jerusalem Bible, and was assisted in this by Raymond Schwab, a poet of Jewish origin. The translation published in 1950, the result of a very careful study of the richness of Hebrew poetry, is recognized as one of the best ever done. He was then asked to provide a version adapted for the sung liturgy, which he did in 1954 with the help of the PP. Gélineau and Chifflot. However, he never abandoned the Prophets, on which he published until 1997. His latest work, Seeing and Hearing God with the Psalms, or the prophetic liturgy of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (Paris, Gabalda, 1988), synthesizes his research on the Psalms and those on the Prophets.
Tournay was naturally indicated to publish the great commentary on the Song of Songs on which André Robert had worked until his death. This one appeared in 1963, Fr. Tournay having added a long comparison with the extra-biblical parallels received from the different ancient worlds. After various evolutions, his interpretation of the Song was summarized in a new book, When God Speaks to Men the Language of Love. Studies on the Song of Songs (Paris, Gabalda, 1982).
Fr. Tournay was also very interested in the translation of the Pater's 6th request. He lectured and published articles on the subject, and tried to persuade various bishops to change the translation so that one could no longer have the impression that it was God who was the cause of temptation. He finally received the approval of the French Bishops' Conference in 1998.
In 1968, Tournay became the director of the Bible Review, and remained so for 25 years. In addition, he was Director of the School for three terms from 1972 to 1981.
In 1972, he was promoted to Master of Theology by the Master of the Order. That same year, he received the National Merit Medal, before being decorated with the Legion of Honour nine years later. In 1994, the University of Fribourg awarded him an honorary doctorate for 50 years of scientific activity and charitable efforts.
He died at the Bible School on November 25, 1999. The funeral mass was presided over by Bishop Michel Sabbah, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
Albert (Marie-Joseph in religion) Lagrange, o.p. (AL)
Publications
1878 Du principe de l’Origine et de ses applications, en Droit romain. – De la règle : En fait de meubles la possession vaut titre, en Droit français. Thèse de doctorat en Droit. In-8° de 203 pp., Paris, A. Derenne.
1888 Un évêque du Ve siècle, Rabulas, évêque d’Édesse. + 435. (La Science catholique, 15 sept. 1888). [nº 1108, pp. 185-226.]
1890 Une inscription nabatéenne. Zeirschrift für Assyriologie 5 (1890) 289-292.
1892 Avant-propos. Revue biblique 1 (1892) 1-16.
Topographie de Jérusalem. Revue biblique 1 (1892) 17-38.
La nouvelle histoire d’Israël et le prophète Osée. Revue biblique 1 (1892) 203-238.
Une inscription phénicienne. Revue biblique 1 (1892) 275-281.
Une inscription palmyrénienne. Revue biblique 1 (1892) 433-438.
Lettre de Jérusalem (excursion au Jourdain). Revue biblique 1 (1892) 439-456.
La Vierge et Emmanuel. Revue biblique 1 (1892) 481-497.
Le panthéisme dans l’histoire sainte. Revue biblique 1 (1892) 605-616.
1893 Comment s’est formée l’enceinte du Temple de Jérusalem. Revue biblique 2 (1893) 90-113.
Inscription samaritaine d’Amwâs. Revue biblique 2 (1893) 114-116.
Bustes palmyréniens. Revue biblique 2 (1893) 117-118.
La Révélation du nom divin « Tétragrammaton ». Revue biblique 2 (1893) 329-3501893
Congrès des orientalistes à Londres. Revue biblique 2 (1893) 146-147.
Épigraphie sémitique. Revue biblique 2 (1893) 220-222.
Lettre de Jérusalem (lampe euch., inscr. gr. au Sinaï). Revue biblique 2 (1893) 631-634.
1894 S. Étienne et son sanctuaire à Jérusalem. In-8° de XVI-190 pp. Paris, Picard.
Lettre de Jérusalem (Milliaire arabe, Mizzeh, notes topographiques). Revue biblique 3 (1894) 136-141. L’apocalypse d’Isaïe (XXIV-XXVII). Revue biblique 3 (1894) 200-231.
Excursion à Sebbé (Masada). Revue biblique 3 (1894) 263-276.
Lettre de Jérusalem (lettre de M. Vigouroux, conférences de saint Étienne, fouilles anglaises à Tell el-Hésy). Revue biblique 3 (1894) 439-451.
Une tradition biblique à Jérusalem : Saint Étienne. Revue biblique 3 (1894) 452-481.
Néhémie et Esdras. Revue biblique 3 (1894) 561-585.
Le Xe congrès des orientalistes à Genève. Revue biblique 3 (1894) 629-631.
1895 Les sources du troisième Évangile. Revue biblique 4 (1895) 5-22.
À propos de l’encyclique “Providentissimus”. Revue biblique 4 (1895) 48-64.
Chronique de Jérusalem (fouilles de M. Bliss à Jérusalem, église au Mont des Oliviers, etc.). Revue biblique 4 (1895) 88-96.
Le récit de l’enfance de Jésus dans saint Luc. Revue biblique 4 (1895) 160-185.
La question de Néhémie et Esdras. Revue biblique 4 (1895) 193-202.
Le palimpseste syriaque du Sinaï. Revue biblique 4 (1895) 287-288.
Le nouveau manuscrit syriaque du Sinaï. Revue biblique 4 (1895) 401-411.
Origène, la critique textuelle et la tradition topographique. Revue biblique 4 (1895) 501-524.
Une pensée de saint Thomas sur l’inspiration scripturaire. Revue biblique 4 (1895) 563-571.
Chronique de Jérusalem (fouilles de M. Bliss, voyage de Bliss au pays de Moab, nouvelles de Bethléem). Revue biblique 4 (1895) 622-626.
L’authenticité et les erreurs de la Vulgate (à propos d’un art. de RClFr, 1er mars 1895). Revue biblique 4 (1895) 645-650.
1896 Milliaire arabe trouvé au couvent grec de Kousiva. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 306.
Les sources du troisième Évangile. Revue biblique 5 (1896) 5-38.
Origène, la critique textuelle et la tradition topographique (fin). Revue biblique 5 (1896) 87-92.
L’inspiration des Livres Saints. Revue biblique 5 (1896) 199-220.
Hexaméron (traduction, commentaire, origine du récit de la création). Revue biblique 5 (1896) 381-407.
Ain Kedeis. Revue biblique 5 (1896) 440-451.
L’inspiration et les exigences de la critique. Revue biblique 5 (1896) 496-518.
De Suez à Jérusalem par le Sinaï. Revue biblique 5 (1896) 618-643.
1897 Mosaïque et inscriptions de Mâdabâ. Comptes-rendus de l´Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 490-493.
Exposé des documents rapportés de Pétra en 1897. Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 699-700.
Épigraphie sémitique (Milliaires arabes ; inscr. samar. d Amwâs). Revue biblique 6 (1897) 104-106.
Le Sinaï. Revue biblique 6 (1897) 107-130.
La mosaïque géographique de Mâdabâ. Revue biblique 6 (1897) 165-184.
Notre exploration de Pétra. Revue biblique 6 (1897) 208-230.
L’innocence et le péché. Revue biblique 6 (1897) 341-379.
Jérusalem d’après la mosaïque de Mâdabâ. Revue biblique 6 (1897) 450-458.
Du Sinaï à Jérusalem. Revue biblique 6 (1897) 605-625.
L’inscription coufique de l’église du Saint-Sépulcre. Revue biblique 6 (1897) 643-647.
1898 Les sources du Pentateuque. Revue biblique 7 (1898) 10-32.
Phounon (Num. XXXIII, 42.) Revue biblique 7 (1898) 112-115.
Recherches épigraphiques à Pétra: lettre à M. le Marquis de Vogüé. Revue biblique 7 (1898) 165-182.
La cosmogonie de Bérose. Revue biblique 7 (1898) 395-402.
La Prophétie de Jacob. Revue biblique 7 (1898) 525-540.
Saint Jérôme et la tradition juive dans la Genèse. Revue biblique 7 (1898) 563-566.
Les Nabatéens. Revue biblique 7 (1898) 567-588 (signé du pseudonyme H. L. Vincent).
1899 Lettre à M. Clermont-Ganneau sur l´emplacement de la ville biblique de Gézer. Comptes-rendus de l´Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 247-251.
Étienne. Dictionnaire de la Bible Vol. II 2033-2035.
Les Khabiri. Revue biblique 8 (1899) 127-132.
Le Sinaï biblique. Revue biblique 8 (1899) 369-392.
Gezer. Revue biblique 8 (1899) 422-427.
Deux chants de guerre. Revue biblique 8 (1899) 532-552.
La Dormition de la Sainte Vierge et la maison de Jean Marc. Revue biblique 8 (1899) 589-600.
Revue des controverses sur l´histoire d’Israël au temps de Moïse. Revue biblique 8 (1899) 623-632.
Saint Jérôme et saint Augustin, à propos des origines de la Vulgate. (Bulletin de Littérature Ecclésiastique 1899). [= nº 1108, pp. 167-184)
1900 L'itinéraire des Israélites du pays de Gessen aux bords du Jourdain. Revue biblique 9 (1900) 63-86; 273-287; 443-449.
L’interprétation de la Sainte Écriture par l'Église. Revue biblique 9 (1900) 135-142.
Le lieu de la lapidation de Saint Étienne. Revue biblique 9 (1900) 142-143.
Débora (Juges: récit en prose ch. IV, cantique ch. V). Revue biblique 9 (1900) 200-225
Projet d'un commentaire complet de l'Écriture Sainte. Revue biblique 9 (1900) 414-423.
Les fouilles anglaises (Dr Bliss à Tell Djedeideh, près de Beit Djebrin). Revue biblique 9 (1900) 607-609.
1901 Mosaïque découverte près de Jérusalem et représentant Orphée charmant les animaux. Comptes-rendus de l´Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 223-225; 252.
Compte-rendu d'une mission à Mâdabâ et du dernier déblaiement de la mosaïque d'Orphée à Jérusalem. Comptes-rendus de l´Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 571-574.
Études sur les religions sémitiques: I. Les Sémites; II. Les déesses Achéra et Astarté. Revue biblique 10 (1901) 27-54; 546-566. [= nº 446, pp. 41-69; 119-139.]
Choses d’Élam, d’après la publication des textes de Suse par le P. Scheil. Revue biblique 10 (1901) 66-72.
Dernières nouvelles de Jérusalem (aqueduc romain du temps de Septime-Sévère). Revue biblique 10 (1901) 106-109.
Les prêtres babyloniens d’après une publication récente : H. Zimmern, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der babylonischen Religion. Leipzig 1901. Revue biblique 10 (1901) 392-413.
L’inscription de Mésa. Revue biblique 10 (1901) 522-545.
1902 Inscriptions phéniciennes du temple d’Esmoun à Saïda. Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 496.
Deux hypogées macédo-sidoniens à Beit-Djebrîn (Palestine). Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 496-505.
Introduction au livre des Juges. Revue biblique 11 (1902) 5-30. [= nº 445.]
Notes d’épigraphie sémitique (Inscriptions palmyréniennes et hébraïques). Revue biblique 11 (1902) 94-99.
Études sur les religions sémitiques : Les morts. Revue biblique 11 (1902) 212-239. [= nº 446, pp. 269-296.]
La controverse minéo-sabéo-biblique. Revue biblique 11 (1902) 256-272.
Note sur les inscriptions trouvées par Macridy-Bey à Bostanech-Cheikh. Revue biblique 11 (1902) 515-526.
1903 La méthode historique, surtout à propos de l’ Ancien Testament (ÉB) : In-16 de VIII-221 pp. Paris, Lecoffre. I. L’exégèse critique et le dogme ecclésiastique. II. L’évolution du dogme, surtout dans l’A. T. III. La notion de l’Inspiration d’après les faits bibliques IV. La méthode historique, même en matière scientifique V. Caractère historique de la législation civile des Hébreux. VI. L’histoire primitive. - 2e édition augmentée de XX-261 pp. Paris, Lecoffre 1904. -Trad. angl. : Historical criticism of the Old Testament by E. Myers. [2e éd. selon la 2e édition originale]. Londres, 1906.
Le livre des Juges (Études bibliques). In-8° de XL VIII-338 pp. Paris, Lecoffre.
Études sur les religions sémitiques (Études bibliques. In-8° de XII-420 pp. Paris, Lecoffre.
Ms. Rebecca Gertrude Affachiner (RGA)
Ms. Rebecca Gertrude Affachiner was born in New York City in 1884. In 1934 she settled in Palestine, where she lived – except for extended trips abroad – until her death in 1966. She was an active figure in Jewish public service in the United States until 1934 and in Israel from the time of her aliya to the mid 1950’s.
Affachiner attended the School of Philanthropy and Art School in New York. She was the first teacher to graduate from the Jewish Theological Seminary, New York City; she took special courses at Columbia and Yale Universities and Hartford College of Law, etc. She began her career in social work as an investigator for the United Hebrew Charities, New York City, later serving as Assistant Superintendent at Beth Israel Hospital, Y.W.H.A. Superintendent Columbia Religious and Industrial School for Jewish Girls; leader of girl's clubs at the Educational Alliance, Recreation Rooms and Settlements, etc. She was the first woman to act as chaplain in a State Institution, serving in that capacity at the New York State Training School, Hudson, N.Y., under the auspices of the New York Section, Council of Jewish Women.
During World War I, Affachiner was Assistant Regional Director of the American Embarkation Center, Le Man, leaving for France with the first women's unit of the Jewish Welfare Board. Upon her return from service overseas, she conducted a survey for Child Welfare for the United Jewish Aid Society of Brooklyn, N.Y., later making a study of the problem of the Jewish blind, in the same city. For six years, she served as Superintendent of the United Jewish Charities in Hartford and was actively interested in the Connecticut State School for the Blind. Being a pioneer in work among juvenile delinquents, she was responsible for the earliest developments of the Jewish Big Sisters Movement in New York City, and founded the Jewish Big Sister and Big Brother Organizations in Hartford shortly after coming there in 1920.
In May 1923 Affachiner was appointed a Juvenile Commissioner of the City of Hartford, and in 1924 Governor Templeton chose her to represent the State of Connecticut at the International Conference of Social Workers, meeting in Toronto, Canada. She also served as Vice President of the New England Social Workers, Secretary of the Advisory Board, Y.M. and Y.M.H.A. of Hartford Director of the Travelers Aid Society in that city. In 1926 she made a tour of Palestine, Egypt, Italy, and the Near East; upon her return to America she was appointed the first National Field Secretary of Hadassah, of which she was a charter member. From 1929 to 1934 Affachiner was Director of Jewish Social Service for Greater Norfolk Va. Under the Auspices of the Norfolk Section National Council of Jewish Women, she also founded and directed Council House, the first Jewish Community Center in that city.
In 1929 she was elected to represent Norfolk at the World Zionist Congress held in Zurich, Switzerland. In 1934 after resigning her post in Norfolk, Ms. Affachiner returned to Palestine. Shortly after her arrival in Jerusalem she organized the Palestine Society for Crippled Children (later ALYN), acting as its Director of Social Service and in whose interest she made a trip around the world. In 1937 she helped organize the Rumanian Settlers’ Association (Hitahdut Olei Rumania) of which she became the Director, and in whose interest she had visited Rumania and the USA 1937-38.
1939 she was the only woman asked to serve on the Executive Vaad of the Child Placement Bureau Jerusalem – Miklat Dati. She was one of the Jewish Charter Members of the American Association of Social Workers, International Conference of Social Work. She is listed in "Who's Who among American Jews" American Hebrew, 1923, and "Women of 1924" – International.
Affachiner traveled extensively throughout the world. In 1924 she went to Mexico to study the conditions under which the Jews lived there, and the possibilities for settling the Polish Jewish refugees flocking, not only there and to Cuba, but to other Central American countries as well. In 1925 she went to Spain and Portugal, being interested in the problem of the modern Marranos. In 1930 she visited South America, in 1931 she went to Poland and in 1932 to Soviet Russia, being primarily interested in the Jewish problem in these countries.
Born December 1884, son of J.H. Luke (formerly Lukacs).Educated Eton College; Trinity College, Oxford.
Private Sec. and ADC to the Governor of Sierra Leone, 1908-11, and to the Governor of Barbados, 1911.
Attached to Colonial Office, 1911.
Private sec. To high Commissioner of Cyprus, 1911-12.
Asst. Sec. to Govt. of Cyprus, 1912.
Served European War (Commander, RNVR) on the Syrian coast, 1914-15, on Staff of Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss, Dardanelles, and as Government Sec., Mudros, Feb. 1915-June 1916.
Comr of Famagusta, Cyprus, 1918.
Political Officer to Admiral of the Fleet Sir J. de Robeck, Constantinople and Black Sea, 1919-20.
British Chief Commissioner in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, April-Sept. 1920.
Assistant Gov. of Jerusalem, 1920-24.
Commissioner to inquire into the Jaffa Riots of 1921, and into the affairs of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, 1921.
Colonial Secretary of Sierra Leone, 1924-28.
CMG 1926; Chief Secretary of Palestine, 1928-30.
Lieut.-Gov. of Malta, 1930-38; Kt 1933.
Gov. and C-inC of Fiji, and High Comm. for the Western Pacific, 1938-42.
KCMG 1939.
Chief Rep of the British Council for the Caribbean, 1943-46.
Member of Foreign Relations Council of Ch. of England.
President, Malta League, 1955-65.
Died 11 May 1969.
Marilyn Silverstone graduated from Wellesley College in Massachusetts, then worked as an associate editor for Art News, Industrial Design and Interiors during the 1950s. She also served as an associate producer and historical researcher for an Academy Award-winning series of films on painters.
In 1955 she began to photograph professionally as a freelancer (with the Nancy Palmer Agency, New York), working in Asia, Africa, Europe, Central America and the Soviet Union. In 1959 she was sent on a three-month assignment to India, but ended up moving to New Delhi and was based there until 1973. During that time she produced the books Bala Child of India (1962) and Ghurkas and Ghosts (1964), and later The Black Hat Dances (1987), and Ocean of Life (1985). Kashmir in Winter, a film made from her photographs, won an award at the London Film Festival in 1971.
Silverstone became an associate member of Magnum in 1964, a full member in 1967, and a contributor in 1975. The agency had only five women members at the time. Silverstone's work for Magnum includes coverage of a wide variety of subjects.
Seared in many major magazines, including Newswilverstone, whose photographs have appeek, LIFE, Look, Vogue and National Geographic, became an ordained Buddhist nun in 1977. She lived in Kathmandu, Nepal, where she practiced Buddhism and researched the vanishing customs of the Rajasthani and Himalayan kingdoms. She died in October 1999 at the Shechen monastery, near Kathmandu, which she had helped to finance.
Karl Baedeker was born in Essen, then in the Kingdom of Prussia, on November 3, 1801.
After his schooling in Hagen, he left home in 1817 to study humanities in Heidelberg, where he also worked for a time with the prominent local bookseller J.C.B. Mohr. He then did his military service and moved to Berlin where he worked as an assistant to Georg Andreas Reimer, one of the city's leading booksellers, from 1823 to 1825. He then returned to Essen and worked with his father until 1827, when he moved to Koblenz (now Coblenz) to set up his own bookstore and publishing business.
In 1832, Baedeker's firm acquired the publishing house of Franz Friedrich Röhling in Koblenz, which in 1828 had published a handbook for travellers by Professor Oyvind Vorland. This book provided the seeds for Baedeker's own travel guides. After Klein died and the book went out of print, he decided to publish a new edition, incorporating some of Klein's material but also added many of his own ideas into what he thought a travel guide should offer the traveller or reader. Baedeker's ultimate aim was to free the traveller from having to look for information anywhere outside the travel guide: about routes, transport, accommodation, restaurants, tipping, sights, walks and, of course, prices.
While the travel guide was not something new as Baedeker imitated the style of the English guides published by John Murray, the inclusion of detailed information on routes, travel and accommodation was an innovation.
In 1846, Baedeker introduced his famous 'star' ratings (for sights, attractions and lodgings) in the third edition of his Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat - an idea based on the Murray guides star system. He also decided to call his travel guides 'handbooks', following the example of John Murray III. Baedeker's early guides had tan covers, but from 1856 onwards, Murray's red bindings and gilt lettering became the familiar hallmark of all Baedeker guides as well.
He died in Coblence on October 4, 1859.